Web services can be created using two approaches: top-down development and bottom-up development.

Web服务可以通过两种方法来生成：自顶向下的开发和自底向上的开发。

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The top-down development pattern encompasses the following development steps as illustrated in Figure 2

自顶向下的开发模式包括以下开发步骤（如图 2 所示）

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Next, continue the top-down development approach by beginning to implement the mediation flow component by creating a new implementation.

接下来，继续进行自上而下的开发方式，通过创建一个新的实现来开始实现中介流组件。

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But a clutch of Western development officials I've been talking to all acknowledge that the "Madonna Incident" points towards a more general shift - already in progress - away from the top-down aid of past decades and towards a new focus on policy development, partnership and business.

BBC: Madonna, Malawi and the infamous attack